Biology

Work through the topics in order, or jump to the one you need.

  1. Characteristics of Living Things What biology is, the Seven characteristics of life (MRS GREN), specialised cells and levels of organisation.
  2. Classification of Living Things Why living things are classified, and the five kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) with examples.
  3. Cell Biology Cell theory, the light microscope, animal and plant cells and their organelles, specialised cells, diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis and active transport with practicals, and mitosis and meiosis.
  4. Biological Molecules The chemical elements of life; carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides), proteins and amino acids, lipids, water, vitamins and minerals; and the food tests for starch, reducing and non-reducing sugars, protein and fat.
  5. Enzymes What enzymes are, their properties, the lock-and-key model, the effects of temperature and pH, classes of enzymes, digestive enzymes, and experiments on enzyme activity.
  6. Nutrition How green plants make food by photosynthesis, mineral elements and their uses, classes of food and food tests, mammalian teeth, the alimentary canal, digestive enzymes, bile, and absorption in the villus, for WAEC, NECO and GCE.
  7. Transport Systems Why large organisms need a transport system, the composition of blood, the structure of the mammalian heart and double circulation, arteries, veins and capillaries, and transport in plants through xylem and phloem, including transpiration, for WAEC, NECO and GCE.
  8. Respiration The difference between breathing and respiration, the human respiratory system and breathing mechanism, the alveolus and gas exchange, aerobic and anaerobic respiration with their equations, and the lime-water experiment, for WAEC, NECO and GCE.
  9. Excretion & Coordination Excretory organs and their products, excretion in plants and other organisms, the kidney and how the nephron forms urine, the skin and temperature control, homeostasis by negative feedback, blood-sugar control by insulin and glucagon, and water control by ADH, for WAEC, NECO and GCE. 🎥 1 video
  10. Reproduction Asexual and sexual reproduction, the structure of a flower, pollination, fertilisation and seed and fruit formation, dispersal and germination, the human reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle, and fertilisation and pregnancy.
  11. Genetics & Variation Chromosomes, genes and alleles; dominant and recessive; genotype and phenotype; Mendel's monohybrid crosses and the 3 : 1 ratio; test crosses; sex determination; sex-linked traits; blood groups; and continuous and discontinuous variation. 🎥 1 video
  12. Ecology Ecological terms, the components of an ecosystem, food chains and webs, trophic levels and ecological pyramids, feeding relationships, the carbon, nitrogen and water cycles, population studies, Nigerian habitats, pollution and conservation.